8.942 宇宙學（2001年秋季）
8.942 Cosmology, Fall 2001

譯者：李留記
編輯：陳盈、馬景文

Ωv=0:2的冷暗物質和熱暗物質混合模型的勢和密度（Edmund Bertschinger教授提供圖片）

課程重點
這門課程包括廣泛的閱讀資料和許多可下載的專業論文以及習題集。

課程描述
本課程綜述天體物理宇宙學，著重宇宙微波背景（CMB）輻射，星系及其在高紅移的相關現象，和宇宙的結構形成。附加專題包括宇宙暴漲，核合成和重子合成，類星體（QSO）吸收線，以及Gamma射線暴。假定學生已有一些廣義相對論的背景知識。

教學大綱

綜述
課程8.942是宇宙學研究生課程的天體物理版本，也是課程8.952（早期宇宙粒子物理學）的補充，課程8.952著重早期宇宙物理。這門課程詳細論述現代觀測宇宙學，包括宇宙微波背景（CMB）輻射，星系及其在高紅移的相關現象和宇宙的結構形成。

必備先修
這門課程沒有必備先修，但需要獲得導師許可。

評分
成績的2/3基於10個習題集。
成績的1/3基於一篇學期論文（大概八頁，雙倍行距），是關於你選擇的宇宙學主題，在最後一節課上交。
沒有期末考試和其他作業。

家庭作業規則
你可以和同學一起研究習題集，但必須自己獨立寫出答案。習題集是讓你學習資料而不僅僅是讓我給你打分。習題集要求有一些廣義相對論的背景和能夠使用MATLAB®、Maple®、Mathematica® 或者你選擇的其他軟體去求解微分方程的數值的能力。

教學時程，閱讀資料，作業
以下的鏈結是課堂講稿和閱讀材料。許多可以鏈到arXiv.org e-Print檔案庫文章的可下載版本。教科書是Peacock, John A.《宇宙學物理》Cosmological Physics，Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN: 0521422701

1 綜述；Hubble膨脹 Overview; Hubble Expansion

2廣義相對論的綜述 General Relativity Overview
閱讀：Peacock第一章
交習題集0 (英PDF)

3Robertson-Walker 模型Robertson-Walker Models
閱讀：Peacock第三章一至三節

4宇宙學 ：H₀t₀，角直徑檢驗Cosmography 1: H₀t₀, Angular Diameter Test
閱讀：Peacock第五章
課堂講稿：Robertson-Walker宇宙中的宇宙學(英PDF)
交習題集1 (英PDF)

5宇宙學 ：Ia型超新星Cosmography 2: SNe Ia
閱讀：Peacock第三，四，五章；高紅移超新星組的主頁，Turner和Riess的文章，Filippenko的文章

6暴漲 Inflation 1
閱讀：Peacock第十一章一至三節
交習題集2 (英PDF)

7暴漲 Inflation 2
閱讀：Peacock第十一章三至四節；Liddle的文章

8來自暴漲的量子漲落 Quantum Fluctuations from Inflation
閱讀：Peacock第十一章第五節
交習題集3 (英PDF)

9 輻射階段，核合成 Radiation Era, Nucleosynthesis
閱讀：Peacock第九章；Burles等人的文章

10 重子合成，宇宙微波背景（CMB）基礎Baryogenesis, CMB Basics
閱讀：Peacock第九章第四節，第六節；Smoot的文章

11宇宙微波背景各向異性 CMB Anisotropy 1
閱讀：Peacock第十二章第三節，第十八章
交習題集4 (英PDF)

12宇宙微波背景各向異性 CMB Anisotropy 2
閱讀：Peacock第十八章
課堂講稿 (英PDF)

13宇宙微波背景各向異性 CMB Anisotropy 3
閱讀：Peacock第十八章
課堂講稿(英PDF)
交習題集5 (英PDF)

14Gamma射線暴Gamma-ray Bursts

15高紅移星系和類星體（QSO）High-z Galaxies and QSOs
閱讀：Peacock第十三章，第十四章；Madau的文章，Abraham & van den Bergh的文章
交習題集6 (英PDF)

16    類星體（QSO）吸收線 QSO Absorption Lines 1    
閱讀：Peacock第十二章第一節和第二節；Madau的文章，Becker et al等人的文章

17    類星體（QSO）吸收線 QSO Absorption Lines 2    
閱讀：Peacock第十二章一至二節
交習題集7 (英PDF)

18    星系成團Galaxy Clustering    
閱讀：Peacock第十六章

19    牛頓結構形成理論Newtonian Structure Formation Theory    
閱讀：Peacock第十五章一至四節
課堂講稿：宇宙學的微擾論和結構形成（英）
交習題集8 (英PDF)

20    非線性模型Nonlinear Models    
閱讀：Peacock第十五章七至八節

21    相對論性的微擾理論Relativistic Perturbation Theory    
閱讀：Peacock第十五章五至六節
交習題集9 (英PDF)

22    結構形成模型Structure Formation Models 1    
閱讀：Peacock第十七章一至二節

23    結構形成模型 Structure Formation Models 2    
閱讀：Turner 的評論

24    星系形成 Galaxy Formation 1    
閱讀：Peacock第十七章第三節和第四節
交習題集10 (英PDF)

25    星系形成Galaxy Formation 2    
閱讀：Peacock第十七章第五節；多體模擬

26    宇宙學前沿Frontiers of Cosmology    
閱讀：Rees的文章
交論文

相關資源（英語）
普通宇宙學

• 宇宙學：研究簡報 Cosmology: A Research Briefing - 美國國立研究委員會（National Research Council）的精彩概述
• Ned Wright's 宇宙學指南Cosmology Tutorial
• 微波各向異性探測器（MAP）的主頁Microwave Anisotropy Probe Home Page
• NCSA 在電腦上的宇宙學Cosmos in a Computer
• 外部時空線的秘密Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline -美國公共廣播公司（PBS）
• 暗物質指南 Dark Matter tutorial Jonathan Dursi的網頁，包括利用 java® 做的成團模擬
  
• 微波背景輻射各向異性的物理The Physics of CMB Anisotropies - Wayne Hu 做的非常棒的圖解介紹
• 宇宙學常數The Cosmological Constant - Carroll，Press和Turner的評論文章
• 多體模擬 N-body animations - John Dubinski的好影片(注意；檔非常大)
  

天體物理學和物理學概要

• 當天的天文圖片Astronomy Picture of the Day
  
  
• Hubble 空間望遠鏡科學院Space Telescope Science Institute
  
  
• Chandra X射線觀測中心X-Ray Observatory Center
  
  
• Sloan 數位觀天Digital Sky Survey
  
  
• 諾貝爾物理獎Nobel Prizes in Physics
  
  

線上刊物

• astro-ph - LANL 的預印本伺服器
  
  
• ADS - 尋找天體物理出版物的最好途徑
  
  
• SPIRES
  
  
• 天體物理學報Astrophysical Journal
  
  

廣義相對論

• Sean Carroll的廣義相對論和連結 General Relativity notes and links - 非常好的資料

軟體和數值方法

• 天體物理學源代碼圖書館檔案Astrophysics Source Code Library Archive - 許多有用的天體物理學源代碼檔案
  
  
• CMBFAST- 計算CMB各向異性譜的最快方法
  
  
• COSMICS - 高精確初始條件的宇宙學模擬
  
  
• 大爆炸 Java® 核合成計算器Big Bang Java® Nucleosynthesis Calculator-Mendoza和Hogan在西雅圖的有趣玩意
• 數值技巧Numerical Recipes
  
  
• Romberg積分副程式 integration subroutine: C (PDF) or f77 (PDF)
  
  
• Netlib數學軟體庫 mathematical software repository
  
  
• 國立 HPCC軟體交流National HPCC Software Exchange
  
  

準備和顯示電子文檔

• LaTeX help
  
  
• The Bare Bones Guide to HTML- 網頁製作指南
  
  
• Writing HTML - 網頁製作指南，含Java®入門
  
  
• Sun Java® Tutorial
  
  
• Another HTML tutor - 網頁製作指南
  
  
• Ghostscript and Ghostview
  
  
• Acrobat Reader
  

（中譯網頁完）

 

Potential and density for a mixed cold+hot dark matter model with Ω_v = 0:2. (Image courtesy Prof. Edmund Bertschinger.)

Course Highlights

This course includes extensive readings with many downloadable technical papers, as well as problem sets.

Course Description

This course provides an overview of astrophysical cosmology with emphasis on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, galaxies and related phenomena at high redshift, and cosmic structure formation. Additional topics include cosmic inflation, nucleosynthesis and baryosynthesis, quasar (QSO) absorption lines, and gamma-ray bursts. Some background in general relativity is assumed.



Syllabus

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Overview

8.942 is the graduate astrophysics version of cosmology and is complementary to 8.952 (Particle Physics of the Early Universe), which emphasizes early universe physics. This course treats modern observational cosmology in some detail, including the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, galaxies and related phenomena at high redshift, and cosmic structure formation.


Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites for this course, but permission of the instructor is required.


Textbook

Peacock, John A. Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1998.  ISBN: 9780521422703


Grading

2/3 of the grade will be based on 10 problem sets.
1/3 of the grade will be based on a term paper (approximately 8 pages double-spaced) on a cosmology topic of your choice, due on the last day of class.

There will be no final exam or other assignments.


Homework Policy

You may work on the problem sets with other students but must write up the solutions yourself. The problem sets are intended to help you learn the material more than for me to grade you. The problem sets require some background in general relativity and an ability to solve differential equations numerically using MATLAB®, Maple®, or Mathematica® or other software of your choosing.

Calendar

LEC # TOPICS KEY DATES 1 Overview; Hubble Expansion   2 General Relativity Overview Problem Set 0 due 3 Robertson-Walker Models   4 Cosmography 1: H0t0, Angular Diameter Test Problem Set 1 due 5 Cosmography 2: SNe Ia   6 Inflation 1 Problem Set 2 due 7 Inflation 2   8 Quantum Fluctuations from Inflation Problem Set 3 due 9 Radiation Era, Nucleosynthesis   10 Baryogenesis, CMB Basics   11 CMB Anisotropy 1 Problem Set 4 due 12 CMB Anisotropy 2   13 CMB Anisotropy 3 Problem Set 5 due 14 Gamma-ray Bursts   15 High-z Galaxies and QSOs Problem Set 6 due 16 QSO Absorption Lines 1   17 QSO Absorption Lines 2 Problem Set 7 due 18 Galaxy Clustering   19 Newtonian Structure Formation Theory Problem Set 8 due 20 Nonlinear Models   21 Relativistic Perturbation Theory Problem Set 9 due 22 Structure Formation Models 1   23 Structure Formation Models 2   24 Galaxy Formation 1 Problem Set 10 due 25 Galaxy Formation 2   26 Frontiers of Cosmology Paper due

Readings

Help support MIT OpenCourseWare by shopping at Amazon.com! MIT OpenCourseWare offers direct links to Amazon.com to purchase the books cited in this course. Click on the Amazon logo to the left of any citation and purchase the book from Amazon.com, and MIT OpenCourseWare will receive up to 10% of all purchases you make. Your support will enable MIT to continue offering open access to MIT courses.

The links below are to the course lecture notes and readings.  Many of the links go to the arXiv.org e-Print Archive, with downloadable versions of the papers.  The textbook readings are in:   Peacock, John A. Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1998.  ISBN: 9780521422703.

LEC # TOPICS READINGS 1 Overview; Hubble Expansion   2 General Relativity Overview Peacock: Chapter 1 3 Robertson-Walker Models Peacock: Chapter 3.1-3.3 4 Cosmography 1: H0t0, Angular Diameter Test Peacock: Chapter 5 Lecture Note: Cosmography in a Robertson-Walker Universe (PDF) 5 Cosmography 2: SNe Ia Peacock: Chapter 3.4, 5 High-z SN Team, Turner & Riess, Filippenko 6 Inflation 1 Peacock: Chapter 11.1-11.3 7 Inflation 2 Peacock: Chapter 11.3-11.4 Liddle 8 Quantum Fluctuations from Inflation Peacock: Chapter 11.5 9 Radiation Era, Nucleosynthesis Peacock: Chapter 9 Burles et al 10 Baryogenesis, CMB Basics Peacock: Chapter 9.6, 9.4 Smoot 11 CMB Anisotropy 1 Peacock: Chapter 12.3, 18 12 CMB Anisotropy 2 Peacock: Chapter 18 Lecture Note: Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy (PDF) 13 CMB Anisotropy 3 Peacock: Chapter 18 Lecture Note: CMB Anisotropy Notes (PDF) 14 Gamma-ray Bursts   15 High-z Galaxies and QSOs Peacock: Chapter 13, 14 Madau, Abraham & van den Bergh 16 QSO Absorption Lines 1 Peacock: Chapter 12.1-12.2 Madau, Becker et al 17 QSO Absorption Lines 2 Peacock: Chapter 12.1-12.2 18 Galaxy Clustering Peacock: Chapter 16 19 Newtonian Structure Formation Theory Peacock: Chapter 15.1-15.4 Lecture Note: Cosmological Perturbation Theory and Structure Formation 20 Nonlinear Models Peacock: Chapter 15.7-15.8 21 Relativistic Perturbation Theory Peacock: Chapter 15.5-15.6 22 Structure Formation Models 1 Peacock: Chapter 17.1-17.2 23 Structure Formation Models 2 Turner review 24 Galaxy Formation 1 Peacock: Chapter 17.3-17.4 25 Galaxy Formation 2 Peacock: Chapter 17.5 N-body Simulations 26 Frontiers of Cosmology Rees

Assignments

The problem sets are due during the lecture noted in the table below.

LEC # ASSIGNMENTS 2 Problem Set 0 (PDF) 4 Problem Set 1 (PDF) 6 Problem Set 2 (PDF) 8 Problem Set 3 (PDF) 11 Problem Set 4 (PDF) 13 Problem Set 5 (PDF) 15 Problem Set 6 (PDF) 17 Problem Set 7 (PDF) 19 Problem Set 8 (PDF) 21 Problem Set 9 (PDF) 24 Problem Set 10 (PDF)

Related Resources

General Cosmology

• Cosmology: A Research Briefing - Excellent summary from the National Research Council
• Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial
• Microwave Anisotropy Probe Home Page
• NCSA Cosmos in a Computer
• Mysteries of Deep Space Timeline - from PBS
• Dark Matter tutorial by Jonathan Dursi, includes java® cluster simulation
• The Physics of CMB Anisotropies - well-illustrated intro by Wayne Hu
• The Cosmological Constant - review article by Carroll, Press, & Turner
• N-body animations - nice movies from John Dubinski (warning: very large files)

General Astrophysics and Physics

• Astronomy Picture of the Day
  
  
• Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute
  
  
• Chandra X-Ray Observatory Center
  
  
• Sloan Digital Sky Survey
  
  
• Nobel Prizes in Physics
  
  

Online Publications

• astro-ph - LANL preprint server
  
  
• ADS - The best way to find astrophysics publications
  
  
• SPIRES
  
  
• Astrophysical Journal
  
  

General Relativity

• Sean Carroll's General Relativity notes and links - Excellent resource
  
  

Software and Numerical Methods

• Astrophysics Source Code Library Archive - Archive of many useful astrophysics codes
  
  
• CMBFAST- Fastest way to compute CMB anisotropy spectra
  
  
• COSMICS - high-accuracy initial conditions for cosmological simulations
  
  
• Big Bang Java® Nucleosynthesis Calculator- Fun from Mendoza and Hogan at Seattl
  
  
• Numerical Recipes
  
  
• Romberg integration subroutine: C (PDF) or f77 (PDF)
  
  
• Netlib mathematical software repository
  
  
• National HPCC Software Exchange
  
  

Preparing and Displaying Electronic Documents

• LaTeX help
  
  
• The Bare Bones Guide to HTML
  
  
• Writing HTML - includes an introduction to Java®
  
  
• Sun Java® Tutorial
  
  
• Another HTML tutor - with CGI scripting/programming
  
  
• Ghostscript and Ghostview - Postscript® previewer
  
  
• Acrobat Reader - software for displaying and printing pdf files
  
  

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